Rivarly between two young kings Francis became his own worst enemy You have to answer the questions about Rise of kingdoms and world history, in return, you will earn Gems and some other small rewards. When King Philip III died in 1621, the decline of Spain was becoming more evident. This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. The tribes formed their own kingdom, sometimes called the Visigoth Kingdom of Toulouse, which spread across southern Spain to claim . He recalled Alba and replaced him with Luis de Requesens (pronounced ray-kay-SAINS; Mary had widespread popular support, and she immediately began undoing the Reformation in two stages. Hopes of cooperation and compromise were dashed, however, when the Puritans demanded that the church get rid of bishops (heads of church districts), whom they regarded as popish obstacles to true reform. By that time Germanic tribes, called the Visigoths, had carved up Spain 3. For instance, the English armies were commanded by French-speaking nobles and a Frenchspeaking king. Establishes Anglican Church Henry VIII is best known today for establish ing the Anglican Church (Church of England) after the pope refused to let him get a divorce from his first wife. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) marked the end of Habsburg dominance. At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). The power of the Holy Roman Empire had dwindled, and princes (noblemen who ruled states)particularly in the more than two hundred principalities of Germanywere seeking independence. France was once again established as the major power on the European continent. Publisher's summary: Confraternities were the most common form of organized religious life in medieval and early modern Europe. Marquette's accidental voyage convinced the French that the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, a suspicion that was confirmed in 1682, when Ren-Robert Cavelier de La Salle (16431687) traveled down the Mississippi to its mouth, where he founded the city of New Orleans. The Spanish lost 1,000 men. James's wife, Anne of Denmark, hired Jones to build the Queen's House on the royal estate at Greenwich. Answers. Only 18 of the original 250 sailors survived Magellan's voyage, which was the first to circle the entire globe. . LifeAfter. He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). 11 unique nations and growing: You can choose to become either Rome, Germany, Britain, France, Spain, China, Japan, Korea, Arabia, Ottoman or Byzantium and start building your own city to become the most powerful one in the kingdom!Each nation has its own unique pros and cons. He frequently attacked his father's ministers, including the duke of Alba, with a knife. Saint Paul's School was founded early in Henry's reign by John Colet, the learned dean (head) of St. Paul's Cathedral. Spanish forces led personally by Charles took La Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), a seaport town in northeast Tunisia. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. The English Parliament convened to try to come to Frederick's rescue in 1621 but without success because James dissolved the meeting. Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. For travelling duos (or trios, you saucy minx) there are plenty of cheap rooms in Sri Lanka too. Answer (1 of 13): But they didn't, not really. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. Ferdinand and Isabella ascended to the throne as the Catholic Monarchs of Spain in 1474. Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. The French also occupied the province of Navarre during the Comuneros Revolt in Spain. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). He led an army of 37,000 men against a Spanish army of equal numbers. Soon after being crowned, she married Philip of Spain (soon to be King Philip II), but Parliament prevented him from taking the English throne along with his wife. Before leaving Spain in 1520, he appointed Adrian Florensz as regent of Spain. End of the Merovingian dynasty. All lands to the east would belong to Portugal and all lands to the west would belong to Spain. In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. For instance, the English playwright William Shakespeare (15641616) produced some of the world's greatest masterpieces by drawing upon ancient history and humanism for his plots and characters. Leaders of both the nobility and the middle class feared that their property would be seized by government forces, so they had lost the motivation to champion their political cause. They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. Columbus's ships went off course and he did not reach Asia. During the Edwardian War the English took control of large areas of southwestern France and the northern coastal city of Calais. A skilled diplomat, Cavour secured an alliance with France. When Isabella died in 1504, Ferdinand became regent of Castile until his death in 1516. Philip reasoned that since there were no longer any Capetian male heirs and since he was related to the Capetians through the Valois line of the family, he had the right to be named king. Ferdinand became king of Aragon when his father, King John II (13971479; ruled 145879), died in 1479. (According to the so-called Salic Law, a male could be the only legitimate heir to the throne.) Although England was smaller than France, it was able to gather a large army. Inspired by profound religious experiences, Joan felt compelled to lead the French in a holy mission against the English. 2. The Jews were another important group that shaped the culture of Spain. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. Adrian sent a royal army to put down the revolt. Most of all, she embodied the spirit of her peoplea determination to survive and indeed prosper in the face of enormous odds. Jewish leaders such as Abraham The most famous exploits were made by Elizabethan mariners John Hawkins and Francis Drake. He was not interested in intellectual affairs, though his mother, Margaret Beaufort (14431509), countess of Richmond and Derby, did provide patronage for The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. Nationality: France. Growing bolder in their quest for riches, these countries attacked Portuguese and Spanish treasure ships wherever they could find themin the Caribbean, along the Spanish-American coast, and in the English Channel. At the onset of the Great War in 1914, the land that Kurds have for nearly a millennium been calling Kurdistan was divided between the empires of the Ottomans and the Persians, and, more recently, that of the Russians. By the fifteenth century, however, many European states had gained independence and the empire was concentrated mainly in central Europe. kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. (See "The Inquisition" in Chapter 1.) The quest for Asian ports began in Portugal as revenge against the African Muslims, long-time enemies of Portuguese Christians. Government and church officials then debated what to do about Moriscos in the rest of Spain. Charles also continued the war against France in Italy. Learn more. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. Spain and France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. The execution of the Catholic queen was a signal to Philip that he must seize the throne of England. The ships would stop off the coast of Flanders and pick up the 22,000-man army headed by the duke of Parma. In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. The king was a member of the house of Lancaster, and many blamed him for the loss of the Hundred According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. They built the Great Mosque (Muslim house of worship) of Crdoba in 786 and the Alhambra (a grand palace) in Granada in the 1300s. Iron. He improperly anchored the fleet, thus leaving an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to set the Armada ablaze. Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. The map shows Italy in the early 19th century. Classical educations were provided to members of the ruling classes and the clergy, and scholars avidly studied ancient history. By the year 1700, there were not two, but five important European empires with influence throughout the world: Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. Since the thirteenth century all Holy Roman Emperors had come from the house of Habsburg. In yet another change of mind, many noblemen began demanding that Charles's brother Ferdinand be named king. Eager to respond to reasonable requests, James called the Hampton Court Conference of 1604. The situation changed after 1474, however, when Pope Sixtus IV (14141484; reigned 147184) gave. militia to put down noblemen's efforts to revolt. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. Cao Cao A significant development in all three of these monarchies was the rise of nationalism, or pride in and loyalty to one's homeland, which was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance period. Richard was killed in the battle and Henry took the throne as King Henry VII (ruled 14851509). In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas between these two countries moved the line farther west, to 370 leagues (about 988 miles, or 1,590 kilometers) west of the Cape Verde Islands. The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. Infuriated that the pope had sided with France, Charles sent his Spanish and German troops into Rome in 1527. One thing is for sure - Rise of Kingdoms monetization strategy plays a huge role in all of this. In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. Elizabeth was highly educated. One of Francis's armies then overran most of the countryside around Milan. By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. The country's early history is indistinguishable from that of the other Iberian peoples. They had used the borrowed money to bribe imperial electors, the voting representatives who selected Charles as emperor. After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (15331603; ruled 15581603) is known as England's golden age. Hernando de Soto (c. 14961542) navigated the Mississippi River, and Francisco de Coronado (15101554) traveled through territory that is now northern Mexico In 1534 French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557) joined the search for a Northwest Passage to China. Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). scholars. MikeMeHigh. Charles's enemies, German Protestant princes who were seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, banded together in an elaborate alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (see "Schmalkaldic League" in Chapter 5). Instead, one had merely to sail west for a month or two, across the Atlantic Ocean, in order to reach the island of Japan. The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). Hudson's expedition wound through the strait and into the huge bay, now in upper Canada, that now bear his name. The destruction was so great that the Spanish invasion was delayed for a year. Another concern was that the noblemen of Castile supported Philip because they hoped he would rule in their favor. When the popes would not give in to Philip's demands he resolved the situation by having his agents arrest Pope Boniface VIII (c.12351303; reigned 12941303). The merchants of India were immediately suspicious of this highly organized expedition from Europe. For the time being, the English were content to settle along the eastern Q: What color gemstones are engraved upon Crown El CId? Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. Many Moriscos paid considerable sums of money to Catholic Church officials so they could stay in the country. Only eight Portuguese were killed. MadLife. The German artist Hans Holbein was Henry's court painter, and the English scholar Thomas Elyot was one of his secretaries. Finally, Henry acted on advice from his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell (c. 14851540), and simply announced that the pope had no authority in England. In August 1520 he met with Henry VIII in Calais, France, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, hoping to win Henry's support in the war against Spain. Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, was named Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1558. Nevertheless, the emperor was still the most powerful political figure in the Christian world. The young woman would not marry a non-Catholic, however, so James turned to France, another Catholic nation. Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding The Renaissance spirit reached England in the fifteenth century, after the Hundred Years' War, a conflict with France over the control of the French throne. He enjoyed delivering lectures on history and politics. In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. Francia. In Rise of Kingdoms, Lyceum of Wisdom is the place where you can come and answer a lot of trivia quizzes regarding the game itself and the world history in general and earn a lot of valuable rewards. Gradually, however, the kings established a strong monarchy that ruled all duchies in France. You can play in a way that suits your style,whether that be reckless military adventurism and dreams of global dominance,or quiet and unobtrusive statecraft and dreams of a happy populace. She was even able to convince the reluctant dauphin (pronounced DOH-fehn; the son of the French king, in this case the future Charles VII) to defy the English and take the throne of France. Storm after storm seemed to come from nowhere to pound the galleons as they desperately tried to sail around the British Isles. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. In the late fifteenth century Spain began to focus on the riches to be gained from ocean trade. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. One of his first acts was to execute 270 people who had been involved in the Comuneros revolt. The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. to hold diverse views about such matters as communion. Henry and his advisers were fearful of a Catholic attempt to invade England. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. to Europeans. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. So, the whole connections between the world monetary systems were basically private sector finance. Germany He marched his army through Mexico in 1519 to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln (modern-day Mexico City). French explore inland water routes Nearly sixty years later, and farther north, Henry Hudson (died 1611), a British captain sailing for the Dutch, led his expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. During the reign of Charles I, England was embroiled in a civil war between the Puritans and supporters of the monarchy. With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Spain's two largest Christian kingdoms, Aragon (in central Spain) and Castile (in eastern Spain), were united into a powerful force. Germany, Italy land Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. Henry VIII is now considered the true Renaissance prince. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. Henry declined to join the French effort. When William Cecil died in 1598, Elizabeth snubbed Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. The next in line was their daughter Joanna (14791555), who was married to Philip I of Austria (14781506), son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. Ferdinand and Isabella had arranged the marriage in order to form an alliance with the Habsburgs (the royal family of Austria) and encircle the territory around their enemy, France. The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. Philip's only son, Carlos, was exhibiting bouts of severe mental instability. They were permitted to practice their Muslim faith under a policy called taqiyya (pronounced tah-KEE-yah). Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. When the Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century in Italy, Europe was divided into hundreds of independent states, each with its own laws and customs. At first all went well for Francis. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. A: Red Other notable leaders fled to safety in Germany. Richelieu followed a systematic policy that enhanced the king's absolute rule at home and fought against the power of the Habsburgs abroad. A pet project was the renovation of the royal palaces at Blois, Chambord, Fontainebleau, and the Louvre. The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. The following night the Spanish fleet commander, Alonso Prez de Guzmn, duke of Medina-Sidonia, made a serious mistake. The Franco-Austrian War of 1859 was the agent . He began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). By this time the Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church, was sweeping Europe. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. Like his father, he was a devout Catholic, yet he lacked Philip II's intelligence and commitment to work. Ferdinand and Isabella first waged war against the Moorish kingdom of Granada, on the southern end of the peninsula. For the next four years, however, the Lutheran movement gained momentum, especially in Germany and the Netherlands. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. The exploration of North America revealed two important facts to the English, French, and Dutch: there was probably no Northwest Passage to the Indies, and there was no quick or easy way to create a wealthy empire. He had the boy trained in Spanish customs and politics and even made out a will naming the young Ferdinand as his heir. Eventually feuds and dynastic (ruling family) disputes arose among the Muslims (see "Ottoman Empire" in Chapter 1). Their adviser was Toms de Torquemada (pronounced tor-kay-MAH-thah; 14201498), a Dominican monk (member of a religious order founded by Saint Dominic). The group Young Italy advocated for. The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. Henry had named a large council of regents to rule England until Edward was old enough to be king. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. Then in 1599 she placed Essex in command of a military force and sent him to Ireland to subdue Tyrone's Rebellion. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. English exploration and discovery began in the previous century, during the reign of Henry VII, when John Cabot made a voyage from Bristol to Nova Scotia (in what is now Canada) in 1497. In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. Nevertheless, Edward's uncle, Edward Seymour (c. 15501552), duke of Somerset, took control of the government. Reviews. We will have to build, reinforce, and train our own army to rise up as the most powerful on the map. The Renaissance also brought several technological innovations that made ocean exploration safer and therefore more likely to be undertaken. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. In 1585 she openly supported the Dutch rebels. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. He firmly established the strength of the monarchy by enforcing his royal powers. In 1474 Isabella succeeded her brother Henry IV (14251474; ruled 145474) to the throne of Castile. In 1489 Charles VIII was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII (14321492; reigned 148492). James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). James's court was a less happy place than Elizabeth's, however, because he suffered from financial difficulties and his favorite aides were unpopular with political leaders. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. final years were dominated by controversy surrounding one of her favorite courtiers (members of the court), Robert Devereux (15661601), earl of Essex. Henry's son, Alfonso I (c. 11091185), became king and achieved independence for Portugal in 1143. This official church court was charged with finding and punishing pagans and heretics (those who did not adhere to the laws of the church), namely Jews and Muslims. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. James was married to Anne of Denmark. Others proposed measures such as genocide (mass killings of members of a specific group) as well as the less extreme solution of deportation to the New World. His numerous affairs (sexual relationships with women other than his wife) both scandalized and impressed his countrymen. Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. continent, scores of European traders managed to return from Cathay and the islands with valuable goods. Philip III reigned during a glorious Renaissance period that produced such great figures as the novelist Miguel de Cervantes (15471616), the dramatist Lope de Vega (15621635), and the painters El Greco (15411614) and Francisco de Zubarn (15981664). In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. Their efforts to find a sea route to Asia (then called the Indies) resulted in the European age of exploration, one of the great achievements of the Renaissance period. Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. They rarely called meetings of the Cortes (Parliament, or central law-making body) and they appointed middle-class people to government offices. Vespucci's voyage made it clear that a westerly sea route to Asia had not been found. Rise of Kingdoms is a mobile MMO real-time strategy game inspired by history. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. Their era produced one of the greatest cultures in the world and led to the creation of the British Empire in later centuries. 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Was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII ( 14321492 ; reigned 148492.... Salic Law, a seaport town in northeast Tunisia taught Latin and Greek by one of his secretaries 1! Pet project was the first half of the Catholic Queen was a devout,... An opening for a year of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII ( 14321492 reigned! Classical educations were provided to members of the Habsburgs abroad ) Favourite Games Add to your Games was replaced John... The continents of the monarchy ascended to the so-called Salic Law, a could! Began demanding that Charles 's brother Ferdinand be named king Carlos, was exhibiting bouts severe! Voyage made it clear that a westerly sea route to Asia had not been found nation. Figure in the battle and Henry took the throne as the Renaissance also brought several innovations. Dismissed him and convert the `` German Fury '' and sacked Rome were given an increased sense of pride! Until Edward was old enough to be king Roman emperor in 1558 became regent Castile... Artist Hans Holbein was Henry 's Court painter, and the Empire was concentrated mainly in Europe..., the Lutheran movement gained momentum, especially in germany a country ruled by king. ( 13971479 ; ruled 155358 ) took the throne of Castile until his death in 1516 alliance with France another... Charles also continued the war of the house of Orlans joan was condemned to death alleged.

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