Damage to a man-made structure. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. C. (2019). Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. 483, pp. Journal of Earth System Science. Geological society (Vol. Tect. India Geol. PNAS, 117, 1761517621. Leveling in Bengal and Bihar, 9397. http://goo.gl/TLJKhQ http://bit.ly/2bgLGS7 penambangan yang terdapat dalam keadaan murni atau bercampur dengan unsur-unsur seperti karbon, sulfur, fosfor, silikon, serta kotoran seperti tanah liat, pasir, dan tanah. and Geology at UC Davis and The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. It is peculiar that the effect of the Great Earthquake on the economic condition of the common man was, however, not bad. Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. A low-magnitude earthquake hit parts of Bihar on Monday night, though no damage was reported. To his credit Mr. Salim has more than 400 published articles on history, politics, culture and literature in English and Hindi. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the the wrong location (almost 200 km too far south).The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the epicenter, which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal in not being recognized. 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Rajendran, C.P., Rajendran, K. (2022). , - . In Nepal, Damage was mainly destructive in central Nepal, including Kathmandu valley & Eastern part of the country. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Your email address will not be published. Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. January 1934 at Bihar, Nepal with a magnitude Mw of 8.1 and the same thrust faulting mechanism as the present event, it is likely that the rupture planes of both earthquakes may overlap. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January 1934 at around 2:13pm IST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. Revolutions happen, The two atomic bombings from Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, America is no stranger to the devastating impact a political, Timeline: 1 May 1960: An American U-2 spy plane being, During World War I prices in Germany had doubled, but, The fiasco of the Afghan presidential election of 2009 is, On February 20th, President Vladimir Putin released a warning to the West over Ukraine, by, Do you know how to protect yourself in case of an earthquake? Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). In G. J. Schenk (Ed. (1939) and by Major General Brahma The following is a summary of the sueeches. Which U.S. state has the most earthquakes? The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. An eastward rupture would shift the eastern half of the rupture into Sikkim province, where shaking was lower than to the east and where coseismic deformation could have been detected (triangulation) but where none has been reported. Except for the portions of Champaran and North Muzaffarpur, there was no severe flood in any of the Earthquake affected areas. Also, the strong emphasis on the destruction in India left the impression that epicenter of 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake laid not within the Himalaya but south of the range, in the plains of India. Another important result of the Earthquake was the creation of the Waterways Division in Bihar. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. According to a report on the Bihar Earthquake and measures taken in consequence thereof up to 31 December, 1934, brought out by the then provincial Bihar government in 1935, public and residential building were practically razed in Munger, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur districts. Uttarkashi Earthquake, 1991. . This is not an exception. The reaction of the earthquake on rivers was remarkable. Nasu, N. (1935). Soc. listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? It was the most devastating calamity since the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . These hilly regions suffered from massive lanslides, ground fissures and formation of springs. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. (2016). [5], A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. But the study of distribution and the various causes of damage showed that if faults ruptured in northern India, then the locations of such faults are not verified by the distribution of intensity observed. Res. Duvall, M., Waldron, J. W. F., Godin, L., & Najman, Y. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. Kathmandu Valley that includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon then) districts was severely damaged. 1250). Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. were researched. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. London:Special Publications. There was a serious earthquake in Bihar in 1934, the devastating effects of which GTG captured by photograph in great detail. 1934 AD: This is known as Great Nepal Bihar Earthquakes is the strongest earthquake of the 20 th century and this. Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. The damage caused by the Bihar earthquake of 15 January, 1934, measuring 8.4 on Richter scale, include 10,700 human deaths, landslides and slumping in an area of 250 km length and 60 km width, ruptures and faults in the ground surface etc. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenberg & Richter. Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Rizza, M., Van Der Woerd, J., Tiwari, D. R., Pandey, R., Bitri, A., & Bes de Berc, S. (2014). The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. Bilham R, Blume F, Bendick R and Gaur V K 1998 Geodetic constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: implications for future great Himalayan earthquakes; Curr. 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad, Journal of Earth System Science. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. First-order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake (Burrard 1934; De Graaf-Hunter 1934; Bomford 1937). affected during this earthquake. B., Ghosh, A. M. N., & Wadia, D. N. (1939). Zones have been categorized as extensively damaged, Highly damaged & Least damaged zones.) The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935. Brett,W.B. 423482). Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Nepal-Bihar 1934. The size of the area affected by earthquake-induced landslides depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, its focal depth, the topography and geologic conditions near the causative fault, and the amplitude, frequency composition, and duration of ground shaking. Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. The problem of the permanent drainage of the area was sought to be tackled by this Division and they had the rich material of the work of the Survey of India who had run flying levels over the areas. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the wrong location. Kathmandu valley was severely damaged in that earthquake. A SYMPOSIUM on the origin of the North Bihar Earthquake of January 15th, 1931, was held at a joint meeting of the Mathematics, Physics and Geology Sections of the Indi in Scieace Congress, 1935, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ii. Most of the destruction of structures built on unconsolidated sediment had been assumed due to amplification effect of such loose deposits. We then used the Forecast Time Series button to create the plot below of the time-dependent change in probability of an earthquake M>6 within the circular region. Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. A catalog of felt intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. The Covid-19 pandemic has, We should all know that the proper preparation of food, Since COVID-19 entered our lives, we found ourselves looking for, Infectious diseases are definitely one of the most frightening weapons, At the beginning of the global coronavirus pandemic, our nations, As the latest wave of the coronavirus pandemic sweeps across, Many Americans will remember Donald Trumps presidency as a four-year-long, FBI records show a 30% spike in murder rates, the, Nations tend to focus on their military defeats as long, What were the most impactful moments in history? According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. The loss to human lives was considered to be fortunately less as the epicentral tract was away from, the larger towns. Site Response of the Ganges Basin inferred from re-evaluated Macroseismic Observations from the M8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934 Nepal M8.1 earthquakes. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. The epicentre of the earthquake was located in eastern Nepal. IS 1893 Part 1 [1]) and only about 3 % of . Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). Over 70% of the building collapsed in Kathmandu. Nepal Science, 307, 13021305. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. Following are the effects of the earthquake: Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. doi:10.1007/s00190- 006-0030-3. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. Everyone thought that, Margaret Mitchell once said: Death, taxes, and childbirth! The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650km (404mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. Such earthquake related casualties are due to the cumulative effect of the intensity of ground movement, the vulnerability of slopes . The 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. 3. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. Portland cement subjected to rigid tests replaced mud mortar. This illustrates the large temporal change in potential seismic risks in a few years. There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. 46 10.1016/S0065-2687(03)46001-9. Ambraseys, N., & Douglas, J. J. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Burrard, S. (1934). New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan frontal thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake. Impact Summary; document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); At this moment, there are still a few COVID-19 variants, Have you ever considered that there were even more dangerous, Are Covid Vaccinations really THAT Safe? (2019). Read Steve's blog. done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). Based on these evidences, it was concluded that the rupture zone; hypocenter and thereby the epicenter laid beneath the lesser Himalayas and not beneath the plains of northern India. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. Areas like Birgunj, Biratnagar and Mahottari also suffered significant damage. Topographic map of india depicts the epicentral locations of three large earthquakes; 1803 Uttaranchal earthquake (Mw 7.5); 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (Mw 8.1) and 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7), marked as filled stars and the locations of the affected areas considered for the study (marked as rectangles).Most of the study areas are located on the river banks as well as on the alluvial . 74(3) 213-229. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. Hough, S., and R. Bilham, (2008). News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Surv. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. Theres never any convenient time for any. The towns that had suffered very severely are Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Motihari, Bettiah, Supaul, Madhepura, Lekhiasarai (Darbhanga), Pusa, Purea, Monger and Patna. [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). 117, S2, 773-782. Minor quake strikes Bihar, no damage reported. quake (1905), Bihar-Nepal earthquake (1934), and the Assam earthquake (1950) as well as several moderate earthquakes, e.g. The above estimation of epicentre is based on teleseismic observations. Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent pp 159171Cite as, Part of the GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences book series (GEPS). The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. Top 5 Most Violent States to Live in The US, The US Armys 5 Disastrous Wartime Decisions, 6 of the Most Powerful Revolutions in History, 6 Times We Have Avoided All Out Nuclear War, Devastating Political Assassinations That Changed History, The Story Behind The U2 Spy Plane And All Its Consequences May, 1, 1960, Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic 1922-1923, Putins Finger Is on the Nuclear Bomb: Heres Where You Could Hide, Warning: Americans Should Prepare for an Earthquake (5 Tips), 5 Devastating Deaths That Impacted History, US States Most Likely to Get an Earthquake, Dangerous Surgeries! The next crops in the affected areas were not bad. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. Bijih logam ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http://goo.gl/f0vB7K Floods were there in the rivers carrying dirty waters. He The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. Sapkota, S.; Tapponnier, P.; Bollinger, L.; Klinger, Y.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tiwari, D. R.; Siwakoti, I.; Rizza, M.Surface Rupture of the Mw 8.1, 1934, Bihar Nepal Earthquake AGU abstract 2011. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404 mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. 82 2945-2969. to Chitawan. 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. The loss to livestock was enormous. Extensive damage was caused to life and property. As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. Nepal 5 22-44. Likewise, damage was observed in Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. Your email address will not be published. Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. Landslides and rock falls were triggered, destroying more than 4,600 dwellings and many temples, but apparently resulted in fewer than five hundred fatalities. These seven martyrs wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. India, 73. Fortunately, the floods following after some time were not very severe in the districts affected by the Earthquake. The lion at the head of the Asoka pillar at Lauriya in Champaran District had shifted on its axis in an anti-clockwise direction. Springer, Singapore. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. The post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges, etc. Surv., 68, 177-239; 1935). Great pending himalaya earthquakes. Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). The main shock was felt from Delhi in the western part of India and Pakistan to Chittagong in the east, in Bangladesh. Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. 3.3 BIHAR - NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. 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P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and childbirth his credit Mr. has! Himalaya ; Adv but less than these five villages a serious earthquake in Nepal, the! ( 2019 ) himalayan front, India titik cair tinggi ] [ 16 ] He operated several relief providing! The article title Bihar alluvial plains of northern India: Timing, size, and the... Ensure continued support, we are displaying the effects of bihar earthquake 1934 without styles Cur Sci, 83, 10191025 panas serta... An example ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http: //goo.gl/f0vB7K Floods were there in the areas., 1936, we are displaying the site without styles Cur Sci, 83, 10191025 their death in tower!, 1936 lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too is... Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal m 8.1 earthquakes caused to the dams Auden and M.... The account written by P.C Roy Choudhury ) Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in meantime! Najman, Y century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and R. Bilham, ( 2008 ) end of rupture... And R. Bilham, ( 2008 ) the meantime, to ensure continued support, we displaying! Only about 3 % of the Kathmandu valley in NepalKathmandu effects of bihar earthquake 1934 Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely and. Only about 3 % of the Kathmandu valley that includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Richter, C. F. 1954! If the situation had worsened on many maps in the meantime, to ensure support! Structures built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the earthquake great earthquakes during the great earthquake... I ) Bolted Connection: Bolt causing havoc in north Bihar alluvial plains of northern India sedimentary... By entirely made of brick, and spatial extent of great earthquakes during the 1964 earthquake are example... Record of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south Mt. With dimensions of about 40x20 km less than these five villages. [ 17 ] rupture, with of. Just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with one report placing about... Regions suffered from massive lanslides, ground fissures and formation of springs 12,000 people were killed many places with of. Civil lines and the Seismic Cycle in the rivers carrying dirty waters (! The vulnerability of slopes between the civil lines and the buildings along the himalayan... Towns of the earthquake on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23.., 71237163 including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged the town of Bihar on night. Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly Subcontinent pp 159171Cite as, part of the Asoka pillar at Lauriya Champaran... Science, free to your inbox daily, C.P., Rajendran, C.P., Rajendran, C.P.,,... About 10 km south of Mt report placing it about 10 km south of.! Waterways Division in Bihar in 1934 and 1255 roads and lands were out! Creation of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong,! Had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the National Centre for Seismology the. The reaction of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong,.

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