/GS0 125 0 R /Font << /TT2 121 0 R >> /Prev 18 0 R /Resources << >> The schools at the bottom turn into, More testing means more negative labelling for those who fail, Schools put more effort into teaching those in the top sets to improve their A-C rates. >> >> << >> /TT0 120 0 R endobj >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 2 0 obj >> /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] An emphasis on individual freedom responsibility (they are against the welfare state). /Contents 220 0 R 0000032161 00000 n /Type /Page /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 81 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R Appointed President of the Board of Education in 1941, Richard 'Rab' Butler passed an Education Act in 1944, promising 'Secondary Education for All'. /Resources << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The following overview of the evolution of ESEA and federal standards-based education reform policy is presented to contextualize ESSA and help inform how states respond to the new law. >> /ModDate (D:20040618121405+03'00') /StructParents 48 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Resources << /Properties << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Top-down federal and state . /Resources << However, in recent years, some schools have discontinued their multiage programs due to the grade-level standards and testing requirements imposed by the No Child Left Behind Act and most states' accountability laws. /Font << endobj /Contents 192 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Contents 240 0 R /Parent 13 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Intake and its social class still influences how some parents make their choices and these subtle forces influence selection.. 66 0 obj >> /StructParents 13 /GS0 125 0 R The logic behind league tables was that with all schools following the same curriculum it made it easier for parents to compare and choose between schools (parentocracy), and GCSE and SATs meant every student, and more importantly, every school was assessed using the same type of exam. /Kids [32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R] But that would require great political leadership now, says Gary Phillips. endobj /Contents 280 0 R endobj >> /ExtGState << /Properties << >> . >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /Count 90 /Rotate 0 /TT2 159 0 R People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.. /Type /Page >> Indeed, it is rapidly becoming a full-time /Type /Page /ExtGState << >> >> /TT2 226 0 R The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 107 0 obj 60 0 obj >> >> /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 72 0 obj /Font << /StructParents 14 56 0 obj << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /S /D /Parent 10 0 R /Contents 237 0 R << >> /Type /Page In that situation, the children of the poor are most likely to suffer.. 36 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 4.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings? endobj 0000005855 00000 n /TT0 120 0 R [29th July 1988] BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:- . /Parent 17 0 R /Type /Page 0000003916 00000 n 6 0 obj Increased economic output: Greater trade increased economic output. Phillips, who seriously considered academy conversion for his school but decided to stay within Lambeth local authority, believes the innovative instincts behind the early academies have evaporated in the rush for mass academisation. 0000007728 00000 n << The 1988 Education reform act was one of the most notable and significantly developed legislation since the last radical regulation, the education act of 1944. . /Annots [132 0 R 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << >> 3 /ExtGState << >> They will maintain the schools position in the league tables and its status in the education market. /TT1 121 0 R /Properties << >> Thirty years on we may be ready for another all-encompassing Education Reform Act. >> /MC0 129 0 R 112 0 obj >> We use cookies to improve your website experience. The 'funding formula' means school funding is determined by pupil numbers and nothing relating to class; . >> /StructParents 39 >> /GS0 125 0 R Restructuring the Philippines's basic educational system through the K to 12 Program is a tough but . /TT2 159 0 R /TT0 120 0 R minimal competition for funding the policy wont work unless parents a choice over which school to send their pupils to! 86 0 obj 20 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 54 0 obj A market is always going to have winners and losers. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /ExtGState << 105 0 obj /StructParents 44 /MC0 129 0 R 103 0 obj >> /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 1 >> >> /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << >> endobj >> /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /GS0 125 0 R Registered in England & Wales No. /Font << /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 /StructParents 68 /MC0 129 0 R 21 0 obj /Properties << 1988 CHAPTER 40. /Font << >> /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Focusing on exam results and league table position causes stress for pupils as more pressure is put on them to perform well in SATS. /ExtGState << /Contents 158 0 R /Contents [117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R] /Type /Page /Resources << schools increasingly teach to the test In order to look good in league tables which may stifle childrens ability to think critically and laterally. >> /Resources << << /StructParents 49 >> << Inclusion is believed to benefit the educational experience for all students. /Rotate 0 /Contents 289 0 R /TT2 159 0 R 0000001818 00000 n 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R /Font << /Type /Page /Parent 15 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 226 0 R From a Neoliberal and New Right perspective the above is fundamentally flawed logic as it means that successful schools which are attracting more pupils are subsidising worse performing schools and so the 1988 Act required that LEASs hand over their money directly to schools based on pupil numbers (formula funding) which removed the power of LEAs to control local budgets. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] He is more guarded about the overall success of the market experiment: I would give it six out of 10. What the sociologists call the parentocracy doesnt really exist in places where there are two rather than 20 local schools.. /Properties << endobj /TT2 226 0 R /TT3 226 0 R The main reasons are to restore public faith in the judicial system and to ensure separation of powers between the legislature and the judiciary in accordance with the ECHR. The advantages and disadvantages of education although seemingly quite clear can be explored to quite a detailed level. /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << >> /StructParents 20 /XObject << New Right ideas have most been mostly strictly followed by the Conservative when they have been in power in the UK firstly, 1979-1997 and again since 2010.New Right Education Policies started to be introduced under Thatchers government from the early 1980s. The better performing schools will attract more pupils and more funding and be able to expand. 49 0 obj The declining power of Local Education Authorities, The 1988 Education Act: Evidence that it Worked, League Tables distort teaching and learning, Cultural Capital gives the middle class more choice, The experience of schooling becomes very negative for failing students, curriculum in schools has become more narrow. The 1988 reforms played an unambiguous role in that improvement, says Phillips: They shone a spotlight on schools failing young people like this one.. /TT2 226 0 R They are academies . /Resources << /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] In addition, locally determined Freedom of choice. >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Three decades later, the tools of that market performance measures and inspection reports are a fact of life. New education providers, in the form of academy trusts, are a reality in most communities. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> The Education Reform Act of 1988 gave the government the authority to control the programme of study at schools and established a . /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Education Reform Act 1988 (ERA88) onwards, we measured changes over time in the tendency for pupils with particular socio-economic characteristics to cluster in particular schools (termed segregation). The Education Reform Act is then explored with reference to the revised correspondence principle. /Contents 271 0 R /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /Resources << /Rotate 0 >> Increased trade: NAFTA more than tripled trade between Canada, Mexico, and the United States after it was enacted. >> /TT0 120 0 R /TT1 226 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Nums [0 21 0 R] /Resources << /Type /Pages /Properties << /Rotate 0 You cant close down failing schools until they have completely collapsed their roll. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Weaknesses. << Theres also the fact that no successive government has actually changed the fundamental foundations of the act, which suggests its working. /Count 10 /Properties << /Type /Page /Parent 13 0 R Schools that provide parents and pupils with what they want such as good exam results will thrive. << When Phillips took over at Lilian Baylis in the late 1990s, the school was in the doldrums. /GS0 125 0 R 50 0 obj >> /TT1 226 0 R /StructParents 60 Open Enrolment is where parents are allowed to select multiple schools to send their children too, but only specifying one as their first choice. Following ARE THE Advantaged and Disadvantaged of New Education Policy 2020. There were no league tables, no Ofsted, no academies or free schools. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << Go compare-style websites ranking local schools are taken for granted. /GS0 125 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /C2_0 292 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Rotate 0 >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /Resources << << >> Young people want the kudos of entering a profession which is valued by their peers. /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R << >> /Parent 13 0 R >> >> >> B 'Bad' schools would lose . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ExtGState << >> /StructParents 64 /TT0 120 0 R /Count 10 /Parent 19 0 R 27 0 obj /TT1 226 0 R >> >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << << /Parent 11 0 R /Contents 261 0 R >> >> /MC0 129 0 R /MC0 129 0 R << /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << >> 87 0 obj << /Resources << 0000009252 00000 n History. /GS0 125 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page /Count 10 /Rotate 0 endobj 13 0 obj /Parent 9 0 R /Names [ 309 0 R] /TT2 226 0 R 109 0 obj >> /Contents 285 0 R From 1980 parents were allowed to express a preference for the school they wanted to send their children too, the first time parents were realistically able to consider sending their children to schools miles away from where they lived. The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) was formed under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, as part of the major overhaul and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. >> >> Information in this post was derived from a selection of the main A-level sociology text books. << /Type /Page /Font << << /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Grant-maintained status was created by the Education Reform Act 1988, as part of the programme of the Conservative government to create greater diversity in educational provision and to weaken the influence of local education authorities.. GM schools would be owned and managed by their own boards of school governors, rather than the local authority. /TT2 159 0 R The 1988 Conservative Education Reform Act established the National Curriculum, the main advantage as cited in Haralambos & Holborn, (2000), was that it set a consistent standard across the country, in an attempt to promote equality. This post has primarily been written forstudents of A-level sociology who are studying the education module in their first year. >> >> endobj << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 57 34 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /TT2 121 0 R /Rotate 0 Also, just because powerful governments have expanded marketisation on a global scale, this doesnt necessarily mean it works for everyone, and there are plenty of criticisms of the negative consequences of the 1988 Education Act as below, Below I summarize EIGHT criticisms of the 1988 Education Act, Concern has been expressed over the harmful effects of over-testing on pupils, especially younger pupils. /MC0 129 0 R >> >> /Font << /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << >> >> /Font << /Parent 3 0 R /GS0 125 0 R And while many more young people are staying on to higher level qualifications than 30 years ago, and gaps in attainment by social group are starting to narrow, around 11% of 16- 24-year-olds are still not in employment, education or training. 83 0 obj >> /Resources << Recently the Bright Tribe academy trust has been in the news over transactions with companies linked to the trusts founder. /MC0 129 0 R /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> The debate on traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters is an ongoing dispute concerning Chinese orthography among users of Chinese characters. >> >> The tripartite system, for example, introduced secondary schooling for all students in 1944. /TT1 121 0 R << There were no league tables, no Ofsted, no academies or free schools. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> << endobj /Parent 15 0 R >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R /Contents 259 0 R >> /Resources << /TT1 226 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 86 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /Parent 14 0 R /Rotate 0 >> /Next 307 0 R This started off the process of schools marketing themselves to parents to increase demand for their schools. >> 44 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 9 0 R >> OFSTED Raised standard because a poor inspection could result in new management being imposed on underperforming schools. Societies with high rates of education completion have lower crime, better overall health, and civic involvement. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> << After 30 years of 'go compare', English education is a wild west. /PageElement << /Usage << /Names 4 0 R /Parent 14 0 R xref /Type /Page /Parent 15 0 R >> /TT1 121 0 R /TT2 121 0 R /TT1 159 0 R 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, WJEC AS Sociology - Education Policies Notes, [AQA] Unit 2 Sociology - Education: The Reform Act 1988, AQA Sociology Unit 2 Education and Research Methods Forum , How many names + dates should I learn for Sociology AS (AQA)? /StructParents 69 /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj << /Font << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 269 0 R 0000003657 00000 n The national curriculum required that all schools teach the same subject content from the age of 7-16. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] How do I view content? /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << For example, if a school is guaranteed the 500 local children will attend their school their would be minimal competition between schools i.e. /Dest [108 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 9 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 41 /MC0 129 0 R >> /TT1 226 0 R /Properties << /Count 2 /Dest [103 0 R /XYZ 0 751 null] endobj /TT2 226 0 R /MC0 129 0 R charts developments since the 1988 Act and calls for a Royal Commission to undertake a root-and-branch investigation into the politicisation of education. /GS0 125 0 R 0000002452 00000 n 113 0 obj /Contents 221 0 R 28 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 59 The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. /Font << endobj >> /Rotate 0 /Contents 298 0 R 104 0 obj Sheldon Berman, Beyond discord: Resolving the tensions between charter and pu. /TT1 121 0 R /StructParents 75 >> /StructParents 3 Also from SAGE Publishing. /GS0 125 0 R /StructParents 23 /Kids [62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R] /Parent 11 0 R >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Although the number of these class-rooms has declined recently, many educa- >> /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R >> /Type /Page However, no matter the intention, there are disadvantages of inclusive education as well. Better local oversight of schools and stronger incentives for local collaboration, rather than national chains cherry picking little groups of schools, would be Phillips priorities. /Type /Page This is the act which more than any other has shaped the modern education system. /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 0000035224 00000 n /Contents 284 0 R /Properties << endobj << All that changed 30 years ago this summer with the introduction of the 1988 Education Reform Act, a huge piece of legislation that introduced the national curriculum and the idea of diversity and a schools market in which parents would vote with their feet, in theory encouraging the best schools to expand and the worst to improve or close. /Rotate 0 endobj >> 91 0 obj /StructParents 21 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 10 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /F4 123 0 R /Rotate 0 endobj The government stipulated some criteria (children with siblings already at the school got preference for example, and those closest to the school also got preference) but eventually the government allowed some schools to become specialist schools where they were allowed to select 10% of their intake due to aptitude in a particular subject maths, music or sport for example. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] A science class at Lilian Baylis school, which is rated outstanding. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 37 /ExtGState << /Type /Page /StructParents 7 /Type /Page /Resources << /StructParents 73 /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << >> 59 0 obj >> /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Ball, Bowe & Gerwitz investigated to see what impact the policies were having. /MC0 129 0 R 15 0 obj /Type /Page endobj /GS0 125 0 R Learn how your comment data is processed. << << /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 61 /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R 96 0 obj 92 0 obj /Rotate 0 /MC0 129 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 16 0 R >> 78 0 obj For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. >> >> /Parent 9 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << >> /Parent 12 0 R /Rotate 0 >> /Font << endobj /Resources << /Type /Page /Kids [22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R] advantages claimed for this legislation (that is, the values underpinning the National Curriculum). /ExtGState << /Parent 16 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << The law has three basic objectives: Make more individuals eligible for affordable health insurance. /Parent 13 0 R endobj /Resources << /StructParents 30 QUALITY education is viewed as any country's pillar of success. /Parent 15 0 R /Procset [ /PDF /Text ] How do I view content may be ready for another all-encompassing education Act! 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